Photographic Optics and Colour Photography; Including the Camera, Kinematograph, Optical Lantern, and the Theory and Practice of Image Formation.cGeorge Lindsay Johnson
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1909 Excerpt: ...second (x 2 diameters). Both these photographs arc untouched, and are reproduced hero by the kind permission of Messrs. Horwitz. To face p. 192. waves of the shot. Secondly, the arrangement of the sparking apparatus at B, which throws a beam through the lens on to the mirror and so back on to the shot, is a much more certain way of illuminating the object than the former method. 76. Efficiency of a Shutter.--This signifies the ratio between the actual exposure of a shutter and that which it would give if it were at full aperture the whole time. In this case the exposure is taken as unity, and to this all shutters are compared. Since it is impossible to have the shutter fully open all the time, except in the case of flashlight exposure in a dark room, the efficiency of all shutters is expressed by a fraction. It is therefore important to bear in mind that as the efficiency diminishes, the light admitted must be proportionately increased by opening out the diaphragm. Thus, if the efficiency of the shutter is 0,5, the next larger stop should be used than the exposure tables would indicate. For example, when using an iris shutter, the efficiency of which is 0,5, if the tables give per sec. with //16, one must either open the diaphragm to //ll to give the correct exposure, or double the indicated exposure. If two straight edges open from the centre of a circle and close again, the efficiency is 0,576. In the case of the iris diaphragm working between the lenses (the usual form) the efficiency is 0,33. When a square opening crosses a circular opening, as in the so-called guillotine drop shutter, the efficiency is 0,5. When one circular opening crosses another the efficiency is 0,424. In the focal-plane shutter the rapidity is regulated in two ways: firstly...
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